Trauma Can Up Risk of Mental Disorders in First Responders ...

By Rick Nauert PhD Senior News Editor
Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on February 27, 2013

A new study suggests repeated exposure to traumatic events increase the risk of developing a psychiatric disorder among protective service workers, especially for those early in their careers.

Overall, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found that protective services workers do not appear to have a higher prevalence of mental health problems than workers in other occupations.

The critical factor appears to be exposure to trauma, as only those with repeated contact to violence or suffering have an increased likelihood of developing psychiatric problems. A hardening effect also appears to occur as contact with trauma among well-experienced protective services worker is less harmful.

?Our findings suggest that exposure to diverse types of traumatic events among protective services workers is a risk factor for new onset of psychopathology and alcohol use disorders,? said Christopher N. Kaufmann, M.H.S., lead author of the study.

?When we examined the relationship of exposure to common traumas with the development of mood, anxiety and alcohol use disorders among protective services workers, we found that these workers were at greater risk for developing a mood or alcohol use disorder.

?Interestingly, this relationship was not seen in those who had been in these jobs for a longer period, but was strong and statistically significant in workers who recently joined the profession. Developing curricula in coping skills and providing timely interventions for early career protective services workers may help reduce future psychiatric morbidity in these workers.?

Using data from the U.S National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions researchers compared the prevalence of mental disorders of protective services workers to that of adults in other occupations.

In addition, they examined the association of exposure to common traumatic experiences with the development of new mood, anxiety and alcohol use disorders among protective services workers who recently joined the workforce and those who had been in these jobs for a longer period.

Lifetime and recent trauma events most commonly reported by protective services workers included: seeing someone badly injured or killed; unexpectedly seeing a dead body; having someone close die unexpectedly and having someone close experience a serious or life-threatening illness, accident or injury.

?The association between the number of different traumatic event types and incident mood and alcohol-use disorders, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder, was virtually confined to the group of early career protective services workers,? said Ramin Mojtabai, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H., senior author of the study.

?Future research should examine the coping skills of protective services workers who have been in these jobs for many years, which might make them less likely to develop psychiatric complications in the face of various potentially traumatic experiences, ? said Mojtabai.

The authors note, ?Special support programs and services for these early career workers can potentially help to prevent development of chronic psychopathology and attrition from these critical jobs.?

Source: Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health

APA Reference
Nauert PhD, R. (2013). Trauma Can Up Risk of Mental Disorders in First Responders. Psych Central. Retrieved on February 27, 2013, from http://psychcentral.com/news/2013/02/27/trauma-can-up-risk-of-mental-disorders-in-first-responders/51995.html

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Source: http://psychcentral.com/news/2013/02/27/trauma-can-up-risk-of-mental-disorders-in-first-responders/51995.html

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Brain-to-brain interface allows transmission of tactile and motor information between rats

Feb. 28, 2013 ? Researchers have electronically linked the brains of pairs of rats for the first time, enabling them to communicate directly to solve simple behavioral puzzles. A further test of this work successfully linked the brains of two animals thousands of miles apart -- one in Durham, N.C., and one in Natal, Brazil.

The results of these projects suggest the future potential for linking multiple brains to form what the research team is calling an "organic computer," which could allow sharing of motor and sensory information among groups of animals. The study was published Feb. 28, 2013, in the journal Scientific Reports.

"Our previous studies with brain-machine interfaces had convinced us that the rat brain was much more plastic than we had previously thought," said Miguel Nicolelis, M.D., PhD, lead author of the publication and professor of neurobiology at Duke University School of Medicine. "In those experiments, the rat brain was able to adapt easily to accept input from devices outside the body and even learn how to process invisible infrared light generated by an artificial sensor. So, the question we asked was, 'if the brain could assimilate signals from artificial sensors, could it also assimilate information input from sensors from a different body?'"

To test this hypothesis, the researchers first trained pairs of rats to solve a simple problem: to press the correct lever when an indicator light above the lever switched on, which rewarded the rats with a sip of water. They next connected the two animals' brains via arrays of microelectrodes inserted into the area of the cortex that processes motor information.

One of the two rodents was designated as the "encoder" animal. This animal received a visual cue that showed it which lever to press in exchange for a water reward. Once this "encoder" rat pressed the right lever, a sample of its brain activity that coded its behavioral decision was translated into a pattern of electrical stimulation that was delivered directly into the brain of the second rat, known as the "decoder" animal.

The decoder rat had the same types of levers in its chamber, but it did not receive any visual cue indicating which lever it should press to obtain a reward. Therefore, to press the correct lever and receive the reward it craved, the decoder rat would have to rely on the cue transmitted from the encoder via the brain-to-brain interface.

The researchers then conducted trials to determine how well the decoder animal could decipher the brain input from the encoder rat to choose the correct lever. The decoder rat ultimately achieved a maximum success rate of about 70 percent, only slightly below the possible maximum success rate of 78 percent that the researchers had theorized was achievable based on success rates of sending signals directly to the decoder rat's brain.

Importantly, the communication provided by this brain-to-brain interface was two-way. For instance, the encoder rat did not receive a full reward if the decoder rat made a wrong choice. The result of this peculiar contingency, said Nicolelis, led to the establishment of a "behavioral collaboration" between the pair of rats.

"We saw that when the decoder rat committed an error, the encoder basically changed both its brain function and behavior to make it easier for its partner to get it right," Nicolelis said. "The encoder improved the signal-to-noise ratio of its brain activity that represented the decision, so the signal became cleaner and easier to detect. And it made a quicker, cleaner decision to choose the correct lever to press. Invariably, when the encoder made those adaptations, the decoder got the right decision more often, so they both got a better reward."

In a second set of experiments, the researchers trained pairs of rats to distinguish between a narrow or wide opening using their whiskers. If the opening was narrow, they were taught to nose-poke a water port on the left side of the chamber to receive a reward; for a wide opening, they had to poke a port on the right side.

The researchers then divided the rats into encoders and decoders. The decoders were trained to associate stimulation pulses with the left reward poke as the correct choice, and an absence of pulses with the right reward poke as correct. During trials in which the encoder detected the opening width and transmitted the choice to the decoder, the decoder had a success rate of about 65 percent, significantly above chance.

To test the transmission limits of the brain-to-brain communication, the researchers placed an encoder rat in Brazil, at the Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience of Natal (ELS-IINN), and transmitted its brain signals over the Internet to a decoder rat in Durham, N.C. They found that the two rats could still work together on the tactile discrimination task.

"So, even though the animals were on different continents, with the resulting noisy transmission and signal delays, they could still communicate," said Miguel Pais-Vieira, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow and first author of the study. "This tells us that it could be possible to create a workable, network of animal brains distributed in many different locations."

Nicolelis added, "These experiments demonstrated the ability to establish a sophisticated, direct communication linkage between rat brains, and that the decoder brain is working as a pattern-recognition device. So basically, we are creating an organic computer that solves a puzzle."

"But in this case, we are not inputting instructions, but rather only a signal that represents a decision made by the encoder, which is transmitted to the decoder's brain which has to figure out how to solve the puzzle. So, we are creating a single central nervous system made up of two rat brains," said Nicolelis. He pointed out that, in theory, such a system is not limited to a pair of brains, but instead could include a network of brains, or "brain-net." Researchers at Duke and at the ELS-IINN are now working on experiments to link multiple animals cooperatively to solve more complex behavioral tasks.

"We cannot predict what kinds of emergent properties would appear when animals begin interacting as part of a brain-net. In theory, you could imagine that a combination of brains could provide solutions that individual brains cannot achieve by themselves," continued Nicolelis. Such a connection might even mean that one animal would incorporate another's sense of "self," he said.

"In fact, our studies of the sensory cortex of the decoder rats in these experiments showed that the decoder's brain began to represent in its tactile cortex not only its own whiskers, but the encoder rat's whiskers, too. We detected cortical neurons that responded to both sets of whiskers, which means that the rat created a second representation of a second body on top of its own." Basic studies of such adaptations could lead to a new field that Nicolelis calls the "neurophysiology of social interaction."

Such complex experiments will be enabled by the laboratory's ability to record brain signals from almost 2,000 brain cells at once. The researchers hope to record the electrical activity produced simultaneously by 10-30,000 cortical neurons in the next five years.

Such massive brain recordings will enable more precise control of motor neuroprostheses -- such as those being developed by the Walk Again Project -- to restore motor control to paralyzed people, Nicolelis said.

The Walk Again Project recently received a $20 million grant from FINEP, a Brazilian research funding agency, to allow the development of the first brain-controlled whole-body exoskeleton aimed at restoring mobility in severely paralyzed patients. A first demonstration of this technology is scheduled for the opening game of the 2014 Soccer World Cup in Brazil.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Duke University Medical Center, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Miguel Pais-Vieira, Mikhail Lebedev, Carolina Kunicki, Jing Wang, Miguel A. L. Nicolelis. A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real-Time Sharing of Sensorimotor Information. Scientific Reports, 2013; 3 DOI: 10.1038/srep01319

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/EuhF03IU-ww/130228093823.htm

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Green Blog: On Conference?s Eve, Thailand Is Pressed to Halt Ivory Trade

As my colleague Erik Olsen just noted here, many threatened species will be competing for attention when officials from 177 countries open a conference on the trade in endangered species on Sunday in Bangkok.

On Wednesday, Thailand?s prime minister, Yingluck Shinawatra, received a major international petition from the World Wildlife Fund calling on Thailand itself to ban the trade of ivory within its borders. The petition, which drew 517,899 signatures online and 10,000 ?offline? in Thailand, was presented to Ms. Yingluck at a special handover event. She said that she would take the issue into ?consideration,? but an official with the conservation group said that it anticipates a change in Thai policy.

Thailand currently bans the sale of ivory from wild elephants but permits the trade in ivory from captive domestic elephants. Environmentalists say that this situation is being exploited by criminals to launder illegal ivory from Africa, and have been calling for Thailand to ban the sale of all of it.

?We are expecting a statement outlining a policy shift at the opening of the Cites? on Sunday, Janpai Ongsiriwittaya, a campaign leader at W.W.F.-Thailand, said by phone from Bangkok, referring to the United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.

The World Wildlife Fund argues that a blanket ban on ivory sales would be a ?win-win? for the Thai government in its role as host for a conference on tackling wildlife crime.

The trade in dozens of threatened animal species has soared in recent years, mainly because of rising demand from an increasingly affluent Asia. Among the highest-profile victims have been elephants, whose ivory is highly prized in China and elsewhere for use in decorative items. Despite an international ban on the ivory trade, poaching has climbed sharply in recent years, presenting what conservationists describe as a full-blown crisis.

As Thomas Fuller of The Times reported recently, the Thai government wants to shed its image as a marketplace for many types of wildlife and has stepped up its efforts to crack down on such trade.

At the Cites (pronounced SITE-eez) conference, some 2,000 delegates representing governments, business and nongovernmental organizations will discuss a range of proposals to add many plants and animals to its endangered list and thereby ban the international trade in those species, notably several types of sharks. Here is the full list of proposals.

Source: http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/27/on-conferences-eve-thailand-is-pressed-to-halt-ivory-trade/?partner=rss&emc=rss

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App Discovery Startup AppHero Hits Version 2.0, Shares Details On What Makes Their Recommendations Tick

Toronto-based startup AppHero launched version 2.0 of its service today, with a brand new interface and big behind-the-scenes changes to how it offers up recommendations to users. AppHero is on a roll, fresh off funding and a spot on NBC this morning, but the app discovery space is a crowded one, and competitors like AppGratis have more international experience and are aggressively targeting the North American market.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/ObQbghohbwk/

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Managing Stress As a Business Manager : American Business ...

Consulting experience and various international studies have shown that business managers in all types and sizes of companies have very difficult and stressful jobs. In today?s tough, dynamic, resource-tight and uncertain economy, a company (or organization) needs strong managers to lead its staff toward accomplishing business goals.

But managers are not only leaders. They are problem solvers, coordinators, communicators, cheerleaders and planners as well. And managers don?t come in onesize- fits-all shapes or forms. Managers fulfill many roles and have many different responsibilities at each level of management within an organization.

Organizations abound in today?s society. Groups of individuals constantly join forces to accomplish common goals. Sometimes the goals of these organizations are for profit, such as franchise restaurant chains or clothing retailers. Other times, the goals are more altruistic, such as nonprofit churches or public schools.

But no matter what their aims, they?re made up of people and certain individuals are in charge of these people. These are the managers.

Managers appear in every organization because organizations want to succeed. These individuals have the sometimes unenviable task of making decisions, solving difficult problems, setting goals, planning strategies and rallying individuals. And those are just a few of their responsibilities.

To be exact, managers manage themselves, administer and coordinate resources effectively and efficiently to achieve the goals of an organization, manage context, manage relationships and manage change. In essence, managers get the job done effectively, especially if they manage both themselves and other people very well.

No matter what type of organization they work in, managers are generally responsible for the performance of a group of people. As leaders, managers must encourage this group to reach common organizational goals (at the general level), such as bringing a new product to market in a timely fashion and also reach specific objectives, such as improve profits by a certain percentage by the end of a given time period.

To accomplish these general goals and specific objectives, in an organizational products and services framework, managers not only use their human resources, but they also use inputs, methods and systems, to create outputs which can be translated into products and services for customers and a control system to achieve all these in the most optimal way.

When you take into consideration the full array of duties, roles and responsibilities in leading and managing their units, departments, organizations, etc., one thing becomes clear: business managers and professionals have difficult jobs. But how can a business manager and/or a professional handle this stressful environment? The following ?guidelines? are based on in this various consulting experiences and sources and may be used when necessary to stimulate us mentally and morally, as a business manager or professional and help us resolve a troubling situation troubling us, with specific actions and activities.

Guideline 1: Make the necessary changes with harmony and balance

• Put happiness in its right perspective in your life.
• If you must change in order to become happy, do it with a calm attitude and patience and by respecting your limits.
• Balance happiness with other things in life.
• Look inside yourself for harmony.

Guideline 2: Make silence your useful tool

• Put silence in your life.
• Be silent for at least 15 minutes every day.
• Use silence to envision happiness and success.
• Breathe slowly and get rid of all your negative thoughts.
• Disregard physical pain and functions of the body.
• Allow only pleasant, happy and harmonious thoughts to fill your mind.

Guideline 3: Preserve yourself

• It is necessary to take care of yourself in order to be happy.
• This does not mean buy expensive goods or clothes, go on a spending journey and buy a lot of things of no value to you.
• It means eat healthy foods, rest daily, pray and exercise both body and mind.
• It means respect your limits and to take care to fulfill your dreams.

Guideline 4: Love nature

• Get up close and personal with the natural world.
• Ramble through forests, mountains, seas and fields.
• Get an intensive, hands-on learning experience.
• Study and photograph objects of nature like flowers, plants, rivers, trees, lakes, insects, birds, fish and other animals.
• Spend a day honing your identification skills for fauna and flora and discuss ecology, natural history, plant lore and the meanings of species? common and scientific names with experts and members of ecology groups.
• Plant a tree in your home and local community spaces.
• Involve others in planting and watering plants and trees.
• Feed birds and provide them with small nests and water pedestals.
• Expand your understanding of the meaning and contribution of the natural world.

Guideline 5: Pray (meditate) daily

• The power of prayer and meditation is tremendous.
• Praying guards you against angry and irresponsible acts.
• It lowers your egoism and self-centeredness.
• It clears you from bad thoughts and acts.
• It demolishes injustice.
• It makes you more respectable and pious.
• It frees you to think more clearly and wisely.
• It opens your soul to hope and compassion.
• It enables your heart and psyche to seek friendliness and love.

Guideline 6: How to handle failure

• If I feel depressed: I will sing.
• If I feel sad: I will tell a joke to myself to laugh and I will read something cheerful and optimistic.
• If I feel uncertain about something: I will act in a more positive and powerful way.
• If I feel poor in material possessions: I will remind myself of the mental and spiritual goods I have.
• If I feel inferior: I will think of something wonderful that I have done If I feel insignificant: I will remember how precious I am to my family, friends and to my colleagues.
• If I feel too confident: I will remember my failures.
• If I feel too great: I will remember the moments of my shame.
• If I feel too proud: I will remember the times I was weak.
• If I am without a useful job to do: I will find something creative to complete.
• If I?m not disciplined in my thoughts and my actions: I will reduce my activities and readjust my priorities.
• If I feel anxious: I will think in a positive and optimistic way.
• If I feel that people are abandoning me: I will find ways to act with love, friendship and optimism.

Guideline 7: How to handle difficult people

• Take a short walk outside of the location where the conflict has taken place.
• Make silence your useful tool.
• Use silence to envision happiness and success.
• Breathe slowly and get rid of all your negative thoughts.
• Allow only pleasant, happy and harmonious thoughts to fill your mind.
• Think of a solution to deal with the difficult person or situation.
• Work out a mutually-agreeable solution with the person(s) involved.

Source: http://www.americanbusinessmag.com/2013/02/managing-stress-as-a-business-manager/

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The Bachelor Recap: Most Heartbreaking Rose Ceremony EVER?!

Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/02/the-bachelor-recap-most-heartbreaking-rose-ceremony-ever/

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Montana Wedding Planners Bargain Hunting

As a savvy bride, we know you are always on the lookout for ways to save a little dough. As your resident wedding experts, we thought we would make a list of a couple of our favorite unexpected places to hunt for deals. Where are your favorite places to track down wedding deals?

Sweet Lulu

We LOVE Sweet Lulu. Last year, we were on the hunt for adorable striped straws for an event we were planning, and Lulu had a great selection. Not only do they have straws in every color, they sell other hard to find items- like colored wooden spoons, milk bottles and cake plate clings.? They are definitely worth a visit!

Dollar Store

We are always surprised by the things you can find at dollar stores. When it comes to weddings, it is easy to be put off by the ?wedding section? of the store- which has those crepe paper bells from the 80s and uniquely tacky paper plates. If you avoid the traditional wedding section, however, there are some spectacular deals to be had. If you are incorporating picture frames, candles, or glass items into your centerpieces, for example, the dollar store might be a great place to look if you want something more uniform than you can get at Goodwill.

Save on Crafts

We stumbled onto Save on Crafts a couple of years ago, while we were researching wedding lighting options. We love that they carry items for every style of wedding-? everything from rustic chalkboard signs to apothecary jars. They have some deals that completely blow us away, but other deals aren?t nearly as impressive, so we suggest you do your research to make sure they are actually your best option.

100 Layer Cake Marketplace

100 Layer Cake has been on our list of favorite wedding blogs for YEARS. We love their style and love reading their ?real weddings? posts to celebrate with brides all over the world! We also love that the marketplace allows old brides to be connected with new ones- and allows old brides to share and resell things that they purchased to new brides with the same tastes. If you need 100 mason jars for your centerpieces- there is a good chance that someone will be selling exactly what you are looking for in 100 Layer Cake?s Marketplace.

Oriental Trading

We know that sometimes Oriental Trading can be a little overwhelming. Typically, when we think about OT, we think of ordering 1000 plastic ducks or 50 child-sized cowboys hats? neither of which does much in the way of wedding planning. What you may not know, however, is that Oriental Trading offers some really neat personalization options for very reasonable prices. When Riata got married a few summers ago, she ordered custom silver pencils engraved with ?Oh Happy Day? from Oriental Trading for super cheap. Everyone loved the personal touch! They have everything from personalized cufflinks to pink swirly lollipops, so you might check them out!

Etsy

Etsy.com is one of our absolute favorite websites for just about everything. Etsy is a community of vendors who make handcrafted items and sell them all over the world. Because all of the items are handmade, they can be a great option for the DIY bride who want to keep the personalized feeling, but don?t quite have the time to craft EVERY portion of their wedding. Etsy vendors make everything from bridesmaid dresses to wedding programs, and many welcome custom orders for color and designs. Photo from here.

Amazon.com

We know that most brides probably don?t dream of ordering things for their wedding from Amazon.com, but Amazon can be a great option for the rural bride. For the DIY bride who wants to print invitations, advice cards or programs on their own- Amazon has great options in paper goods that might be hard to find locally.

POSH Wedding Planners

If you have a budget that you want to stick to, but don?t want the stress, consider hiring a wedding professional.? We, and other planners, have relationships with people that can get you deals you normally wouldn?t get.? In addition to relationships, we are used to working within the confines of a budget, we can save you money based on your vision, and this is our day job.? Because most, good wedding professionals know the industry well, they can help you save money.? We tell our brides that we work to pay for our fee in the savings we can bring to your event and we strive to do that.

Source: http://www.poshpaperweddings.com/2013/02/25/7-unexpected-places-to-shop-for-your-wedding/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=7-unexpected-places-to-shop-for-your-wedding

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Regrets of Death and Dying | Blink

Last week, I had my first adult experience of death in America. It wasn?t unexpected, a cousin of mine had been hospitalized with?Leukemia since August (we weren?t close). The unexpected part was what came next. While I am familiar with funeral customs in other cultures, I had no idea what to expect in America. Would there be a mourning period? An immediate burial? Should I send a gift or card or flowers or money? What do you say? To whom?

How did I make it to adulthood without learning these basic customs? When my elderly relatives died I was excused from the funeral because I was either too young or I lived too far away. I thought that as an adult I would have access to more aspects of the death and dying process?I was wrong.

Like I said this was not unexpected, my mom called me to the hospital when they knew the end was near. I arrived less than an hour before she died. My mom asked me if I wanted to go to the room and then said I didn?t have to and when I said I would go back she wouldn?t let me go in the room because ?it would be too hard?. In the end she decided I should watch my dying cousin from the hallway. Now, I have seen death and dying in other countries. I am not afraid of sick people or dying people or dead bodies. I told my mom this but she insisted on shielding me anyway. For her sake, I kept my distance.

Shortly after the death, there was a prayer circle in her room. This was the only time I saw her. The family said they didn?t want to watch her go downstairs to the morgue?so we left for lunch at my grandparents house. My grandfather actually suggested we eat at TGIFridays, which people vetoed. There was little discussion of death for the rest of the day. Her 12 year old daughter was asking to go to a laser tag sleepover party. People thought it might be a good idea to take her mind off of things or maybe she should have to stay home and mourn? Eventually, she went to play laser tag with her friends, just hours after her mother?s death. Is this normal? I don?t know. It isn?t clear what she was expected to do instead.

It was decided that there would be a funeral service in the church and a brief ceremony at the cemetery but not at the graveside. No one would be there as she went into the ground, again it would be too painful. The emphasis throughout the week was hiding death, avoid talking directly about it. This refusal to directly acknowledge the death led to a funny (sad) miscommunication with my sister. ?My sister was returning from a vacation in Disney World when my cousin died. My mom called her crying and said something like ?it?s over?. Later I was at my sister?s house and she asked how my cousin was doing. Apparently, she didn?t get the euphemism. I told her our cousin isn?t doing she is dead. Oh.

Not only did everyone try to hide the physical reminders of death there was also a clear attempt to hide the emotions of death. My uncle (father of the deceased) is not an emotional man (retired Coast Guard). When it was clear that his daughter would not live past 37, he leaned over to hug her unconscious body. He started to tear up and asked for a tissue because his sinuses were bothering him. The men in my family did their best to remain stoic while the women tried not to cry; when they inevitably failed they apologized. My mom relied on Adavan to protect her from these unpleasant feelings. She offered it to anyone who wanted it, which I thought was awkward because my cousin was addicted to prescription pain killers (and had recently relapsed). But this wasn?t drug abuse, the death of my mom?s first niece was causing anxiety hence the anti-anxiety meds.

I regret never taking a death and dying class in college. I have a sense that rituals are important and they can tell us something about society, as Durkheim says they are really societal self-worship. ?What does it mean that our rituals of death have seemingly deteriorated? We have so many ways to celebrate life yet we hide death (at least in my family). This was a particularly difficult case because my cousin was not a sympathetic character. This was not a clear case of someone who had lived a good and long life. She was young. She had late-diagnosed bipolar disorder and a well-developed drug addiction. She spent significant time in jail, or as my family says ?Europe?. She struggled to regain custody of her children and get her life together. She relapsed. Her life was hard to celebrate. Her death was hard to witness. So, we minimized the ritual. We talked about other things. We hid our feelings behind lame excuses, apologies, and drugs. Is this the current state of our death rituals?

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Source: http://theoreticallysocial.wordpress.com/2013/02/26/regrets-of-death-and-dying/

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Slumdogs, Millionaires

Slum houses and luxury apartments in Mumbai, India

Courtesy of Daniel Brook

India?s tallest buildings, the missile-shaped Imperial Towers, rise up through the smoggy haze of the nation?s financial capital, Mumbai, like a shimmering vision of Oz. The most dramatic view of the towers comes from gazing at them down Falkland Road, a diagonal avenue that cuts through the heart of the island metropolis and dead ends right before the buildings. But the luxury high-rises? promotional photographs never show this view because, to Mumbaikars, Falkland Road is synonymous with prostitution and is best known for the infamous cages that display the human merchandise. On Falkland Road, rates for services begin at $1; just up the street, in Imperial Towers, the penthouses go for $20 million. The economic vertigo is even more intense than the actual vertigo one gets staring down at Falkland Road from the penthouse balcony.

Mumbai has long been famous for the cheek-by-jowl existence of some of the world?s richest and poorest people. In the decades since India?s independence, impoverished squatters have been filling in any unused space in the megacity, and courts and politicians have generally protected their right to stay. But in the last decade, a new generation of luxury developments has been built atop transformed slums like the shantytown that once sat on the site where Imperial Towers now rises. They are the products of a land policy reform that allows real estate developers to build market-rate projects atop former slums provided they rehouse the slum dwellers on site; though it is easy to miss, next to the tall, flamboyant Imperial Towers sits a cluster of midrise slabs. The results are often surreal, but Mumbai?s slum redevelopment program may have repercussions far beyond India. The city is providing a real-world test of Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto?s theory that the best way to fight poverty in the developing world is to give slum dwellers legal title to their property. But not everyone sees it as a solution to the multifaceted problem of developing world poverty.

The Mumbai slum redevelopment policy is the brainchild of local starchitect Hafeez Contractor, who is not coincidentally the designer of Imperial Towers. ?I used to always say something should be done about the slums. And I always used to say that the best way of [dealing with] slums was that you give them free houses, keep the land, and build on it and make money,? Contractor told me when we met in his office near the Mumbai stock exchange. ?When I first told them in 1982 ? everybody said I am crazy. Today, they are implementing it.?

In 1995, with the backing of the populist local power broker, Balasaheb Thackeray, Contractor?s plan was approved. ?Whatever you might say, Balasaheb had balls of steel,? Contractor said of the controversial figure, an open admirer of Hitler, who died last year. ?All credit should be given to him.?

With the policy framework in place, as the Mumbai economy has boomed in the new century, the slum-dotted landscape has been transformed. Increasingly, slums in prime locations, like the one near the Mumbai international airport chronicled in Katherine Boo?s Behind the Beautiful Forevers, have become the site of negotiations between residents and developers. The law specifies that if 70 percent of a slum?s residents approve, the land can be redeveloped in exchange for each family being given an on-site apartment of 270 square feet. (Rumors that developers trade cash bribes for votes are rampant in the city.)

When I visited the Imperial Towers site with a group of U.K.-based architects, a family of four welcomed us into their tiny two-room apartment?one room for sitting and sleeping and the other, a kitchen-cum-bathroom, for everything else. The mustachioed man of the house, who wore a white undershirt that clung to his burgeoning potbelly, showed the place off with pride, though each room was not much bigger than the parking spaces in the multistory lot reserved for the millionaires next door.

The architects were less impressed. The group was universally shocked that these filthy buildings, with their dark and dirty hallways and water stains beneath the windows from drying laundry, had been built so recently. In both style and upkeep, they resembled the crumbling 50-year-old slabs that ring former East Bloc cities like Bucharest, Romania, and Ljubljana, Slovenia. In theory, one of the benefits of legalizing and formalizing the slum is to get slum dwellers to pay for the electricity they were formerly stealing from the city and connect them to the municipal water system. But because the policy calls for rehousing the poor without doing anything to raise their incomes, many end up unable to pay for utilities or contribute to the upkeep of the buildings through residents? association dues. And the authorities lack leverage to get residents to pay their dues even when they can; this is a system that couldn?t evict the tenants when they were brazen squatters.

Rehousing apartments and luxury high-rises in Mumbai

Courtesy of Daniel Brook

As we toured the lone snippet of shantytown that had yet to be transformed into rehousing slabs, one architect noted that for all the poverty of its conditions, with only makeshift electricity connections and no running water, the village-like settlement that clung to the hillside reflected the organic urbanism humans built for centuries before being upended by the high modernist dream of housing people more ?efficiently? in boxes. As I chatted with him, careful to avoid stepping into the development?s open sewer, this sounded like a sentimentalization of poverty. But when I later spoke with Mumbai urbanist and author Naresh Fernandes, he noted, ?We?re just beginning to stack up the poor in high-rises while Chicago?s just demolished all of its high-rise projects.?

As for de Soto?s larger theory about the benefits of giving the poor title to the land on which they?ve previously squatted, the test results have yet to come back, as the slum redevelopment regulations don?t permit rehoused slum dwellers to sell their apartments until they?ve lived in them for 10 years. At that point, residents will face a choice of whether to part with their centrally located apartment and purchase a larger one farther from the center of the city or perhaps use the apartment as collateral to take out a small business loan. Even if the program ultimately vindicates de Soto, there is a limited universe of cities in India or elsewhere in the developing world where such projects could be built. The program is predicated upon the fact that Mumbai is a global financial and entertainment hub built on an island where, for all its poverty and problems, the land is worth billions. For the numbers to add up, the high-end developments need to be high-end enough to pay for the low-end rehousing apartments. This approach wouldn?t work in second-tier Indian cities like Nagpur or in cities in less economically dynamic developing countries like, say, Managua, Nicaragua.

At the Atria Mall, a slum redevelopment where the developer has opted to build upscale retail, twin dealerships for Rolls Royce sedans and Ducati motorbikes greet entering shoppers. Inside, stores for global brands including Swatch and Samsonite share air-conditioned space with local boutiques, among them a jewelry shop called Bling. Behind the building, a high wall plastered with billboards for upscale watches and other luxury goods obscures the telltale water-stained high-rises. I slipped through a gateway to find piles of garbage swarming with flies and lying against the backside of the wall; despite the city?s far-reaching slum redevelopment policy, it has yet to build a comprehensive sanitation system. The sewage stench called into question the quality of the municipal wastewater system to which the city aspires to connect its reconstituted slums.

Does the slum redevelopment program actually solve the city?s problems, or does it just hide them behind walls plastered with ads for luxury goods? When I told one of the city?s leading urbanists that I was heading to the Atria Mall, which she knew well from shopping, she looked puzzled. ?Atria?s a slum redevelopment? I had no idea.?

Source: http://feeds.slate.com/click.phdo?i=45c56f4a1e32172ddb27d4eeb92439c9

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Dwarf Fortress: Ten hours with the most inscrutable video game of ...

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4 new species of water-gliding rove beetles discovered in Ningxia, China

Public release date: 25-Feb-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Dr. Liang Tang
monkey_zzz1980@163.com
86-216-432-1011
Pensoft Publishers

Four new species from the Steninae subfamily of the large family of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) have been discovered in the Ningxia Autonomous Region, China, as part of an exploration of the insect fauna of the Liupan Shan Natural Reserve, where a large number of specimens has been collected. The expedition also yielded 11 new records for the Ningxia province of previously described Steninae species. The study was published in the open access, peer reviewed journal Zookeys.

The Ningxia Autonomous Region is mainly known as a dry, desert-like land. The region of the Liupan Shan Natural Reserve, however, is part of the Liupan Shan mountains, also known as the green pearl on the Loess Plateau. The area is also regarded as a "Kingdom of Animals" for its great biological diversity.

The rove beetle family, Staphylinidae, is one of the most widely distributed beetle families in the world. However, the representatives of the Steninae subfamily are of particular interest. These fascinating beetles are known for their unique ability to glide on the surface of water.This special skill is made possible through evolutionary adjustment allowing the production of special gland secretions that reduce surface tension.

Out of the four newly described species two are from the genus Dianous, and as all representatives are experts in water gliding. The other two belong to the genus Stenus where this ability is only partly present. One of the species, Stenus liupanshanus lives in leaf litter and is therefore believed to not demonstrate the ability. However the other one, Stenus biwenxuani, was found on shore and is therefore considered to be a water glider.

Steninae are also specialist predators of small invertebrates such as collembola, which are frequently found in leaf litter. What is fascinating is the special hunting technique used by those beetles to catch their prey. Species in the genus Stenus can eject some of its mouth parts using blood pressure. The thin rod of the labium ends in a pair of pads with bristly hairs and hooks, called paraglossa, and between these hairs are small pores that exude an adhesive glue-like substance, which sticks to prey to secure a perfect catch and no escape.

Dr. Liang Tang from the Department of Biology, Shanghai Normal University, comments: "As far as the Steninae are concerned, Ningxia Autonomous Region is one of the most poorly explored regions, with merely two species being recorded until 2008. In the summer of 2008, a team surveyed the insect fauna of the Liupan Shan in southern Ningxia and collected a large number of Steninae. In this paper, we report the results of the study, which includes two new Stenus and two new Dianous species, and new province records for eleven Stenus species."

###

Original Source:

Tang L, Li L-Z (2013) Discovery of Steninae from Ningxia, Northwest China (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). ZooKeys 272: 1, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.272.4389

---

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?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 25-Feb-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Dr. Liang Tang
monkey_zzz1980@163.com
86-216-432-1011
Pensoft Publishers

Four new species from the Steninae subfamily of the large family of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) have been discovered in the Ningxia Autonomous Region, China, as part of an exploration of the insect fauna of the Liupan Shan Natural Reserve, where a large number of specimens has been collected. The expedition also yielded 11 new records for the Ningxia province of previously described Steninae species. The study was published in the open access, peer reviewed journal Zookeys.

The Ningxia Autonomous Region is mainly known as a dry, desert-like land. The region of the Liupan Shan Natural Reserve, however, is part of the Liupan Shan mountains, also known as the green pearl on the Loess Plateau. The area is also regarded as a "Kingdom of Animals" for its great biological diversity.

The rove beetle family, Staphylinidae, is one of the most widely distributed beetle families in the world. However, the representatives of the Steninae subfamily are of particular interest. These fascinating beetles are known for their unique ability to glide on the surface of water.This special skill is made possible through evolutionary adjustment allowing the production of special gland secretions that reduce surface tension.

Out of the four newly described species two are from the genus Dianous, and as all representatives are experts in water gliding. The other two belong to the genus Stenus where this ability is only partly present. One of the species, Stenus liupanshanus lives in leaf litter and is therefore believed to not demonstrate the ability. However the other one, Stenus biwenxuani, was found on shore and is therefore considered to be a water glider.

Steninae are also specialist predators of small invertebrates such as collembola, which are frequently found in leaf litter. What is fascinating is the special hunting technique used by those beetles to catch their prey. Species in the genus Stenus can eject some of its mouth parts using blood pressure. The thin rod of the labium ends in a pair of pads with bristly hairs and hooks, called paraglossa, and between these hairs are small pores that exude an adhesive glue-like substance, which sticks to prey to secure a perfect catch and no escape.

Dr. Liang Tang from the Department of Biology, Shanghai Normal University, comments: "As far as the Steninae are concerned, Ningxia Autonomous Region is one of the most poorly explored regions, with merely two species being recorded until 2008. In the summer of 2008, a team surveyed the insect fauna of the Liupan Shan in southern Ningxia and collected a large number of Steninae. In this paper, we report the results of the study, which includes two new Stenus and two new Dianous species, and new province records for eleven Stenus species."

###

Original Source:

Tang L, Li L-Z (2013) Discovery of Steninae from Ningxia, Northwest China (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). ZooKeys 272: 1, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.272.4389

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-02/pp-fns022513.php

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Robbie Lawler?s ground and pound gives him UFC 157 upset win over Josh Koscheck

ANAHEIM, Calif. -- Robbie Lawler came back to the UFC with a big win as he knocked out Josh Koscheck on Saturday at UFC 157.

Koscheck used wrestling early on to control Lawler, but it backfired. Lawler took top position and then unleashed a bevy of punches on Koscheck until the fight was stopped at 3:57.

?I felt so good tonight; I?m not surprised it went that way. It wasn?t easy, but it wasn?t hard, either. I hit him very hard, the referee was right to stop it. I whacked him, man. Hard! He was doing nothing but laying down taking big shots," Lawler said after the fight.

[Also: Ronda Rousey survives UFC debut, wins via first-round arm bar]

This was Lawler's first fight in the UFC since 2004. He fought as a middleweight in Strikeforce for many years, but returned to the UFC as a welterweight. The smaller weight class suited him, and he picked up his 20th win on Saturday night.

For Koscheck, it's his second loss in a row. He once fought Georges St-Pierre for the welterweight title, but is 2-2 since losing to GSP. At 35 years old, it will be tough for the NCAA Division I champ at Edinboro to return to the top of his division.

Other popular content on Yahoo! Sports:
? Watch: Floyd Mayweather's college football betting secret
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? Wake Forest knocks off No. 2 Miami

Source: http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/mma-cagewriter/robbie-lawler-ground-pound-gives-him-ufc-157-033331050--mma.html

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Italians vote in polls seen key to finance crisis

A man casts his vote for the Italian Senate, in Piacenza, Italy, Sunday, Feb. 24, 2013. Italy votes in a watershed parliamentary election Sunday and Monday that could shape the future of one of Europe's biggest economies. (AP Photo/Marco Vasini)

A man casts his vote for the Italian Senate, in Piacenza, Italy, Sunday, Feb. 24, 2013. Italy votes in a watershed parliamentary election Sunday and Monday that could shape the future of one of Europe's biggest economies. (AP Photo/Marco Vasini)

Pier Luigi Bersani, right, leader of the Democratic Party, casts his ballot with his wife Daniela, in Piacenza, Italy, Sunday, Feb. 24, 2013. Italy votes in a watershed parliamentary election Sunday and Monday that could shape the future of one of Europe's biggest economies. (AP Photo/Marco Vasini)

Outgoing Premier Mario Monti prepares to vote, in Milan, Italy, Sunday, Feb. 24, 2013. Italy votes in a watershed parliamentary election Sunday and Monday that could shape the future of one of Europe's biggest economies. (AP Photo/Luca Bruno)

A woman casts her ballot for the Italian Lower Chamber, in Piacenza, Italy, Sunday, Feb. 24, 2013. Italy votes in a watershed parliamentary election Sunday and Monday that could shape the future of one of Europe's biggest economies. (AP Photo/Marco Vasini)

Italian President Giorgio Napolitano casts his ballot, in Rome, Italy, Sunday, Feb. 24, 2013. Italy votes in a watershed parliamentary election Sunday and Monday that could shape the future of one of Europe's biggest economies. (AP Photo/Antonio Di Gennario, Italian Presidential press service, ho)

ROME (AP) ? Will Italy stay the course with painful economic reform? Or fall back into the old habit of profligacy and inertia? These are the stakes as Italians vote in a watershed parliamentary election Sunday and Monday that could shape the future of one of Europe's biggest economies.

Fellow European Union countries and investors are watching closely, as the decisions that Italy makes over the next several months promise to have a profound impact on whether Europe can decisively put out the flames of its financial crisis. Greece's troubles in recent years were enough to spark a series of market panics. With an economy almost 10 times the size of Greece's, Italy is simply too big a country for Europe, and the world, to see fail.

Leading the electoral pack is Pier Luigi Bersani, a former communist who has shown a pragmatic streak in supporting tough economic reforms spearheaded by incumbent Mario Monti. On Bersani's heels is Silvio Berlusconi, the billionaire media mogul seeking an unlikely political comeback after being forced from the premiership by Italy's debt crisis. Monti, while widely credited with saving Italy from financial ruin, is trailing badly as he pays the price for the suffering caused by austerity measures.

Then there's the wild card: comic-turned-politician Beppe Grillo, whose protest movement against the entrenched political class has been drawing tens of thousands to rallies in piazzas across Italy. If his self-styled political "tsunami" sweeps into Parliament with a big chunk of seats, Italy could be in store for a prolonged period of political confusion that would spook the markets.

Voting was generally calm. But when Berlusconi showed up at a Milan polling place to cast his ballot, three women, shouting "Enough of Berlusconi," pulled off their sweaters to bare their chests, and display the slogan "Basta Silvio!" (Enough of Silvio) scrawled on their flesh. A cordon of police, already in place for security before the former premier's arrival, blocked Berlusconi's direct view of the topless women.

Police detained the women for questioning. Italian news reports said the three were members of the Femen protest group.

After voting, Berlusconi described the topless protesters as "an exaggeration. There are situations that are outside the bounds of reason, and we can't do anything about them," he said.

While a man of the left, Bersani has shown himself to have a surprising amount in common with the center-right Monti ? and the two have hinted at the possibility of teaming up in a coalition. Bersani was Monti's most loyal backer in Parliament during the respected economist's tenure at the head of a technocratic government. And in ministerial posts in previous center-left governments, Bersani fought hard to free up such areas of the economy as energy, insurance and banking services.

But it's uncertain that Monti will be able muster the votes needed to give Bersani's Democratic Party a stable majority in both houses of Parliament.

"Forming a government with a stable parliamentary alliance may prove tricky after elections," said Eoin Ryan, an analyst with IHS Global Insight. "A surge in support for anti-austerity parties is raising chances of an indecisive election result and post-vote political instability."

Another factor is turnout. Usually some 80 percent of the 50 million eligible voters go to the polls but experts are predicting many will stay away in anger, hurting mainstream parties.

Interior Ministry figures put the turnout at noon, four hours after polls opened, at 14.9 percent of those eligible to vote for the Chamber of Deputies. That was down from the 16.5 percent turnout after four hours into voting in the last national elections, in spring 2008.

Italian elections are usually held in spring, and this balloting came amid bad weather in much of the country, including snow in the north. Rain was forecast for much of the country Monday.

When Berlusconi stepped down in November 2011, newspapers were writing his political obituary. At 76, blamed for mismanaging the economy and disgraced by criminal allegations of sex with an underage prostitute, the billionaire media baron appeared finished as a political force.

But Berlusconi has proven time and again ? over 20 years at the center of Italian politics ? that he should never be counted out.

The campaign strategy that has allowed him to become a contender in these elections is a simple one: please the masses by throwing around cash.

Berlusconi has promised to give back an unpopular property tax imposed by Monti as part of austerity measures. Even his purchase of star striker Mario Balotelli for his AC Milan soccer team was widely seen as a ploy to buy votes. Berlusconi has also appealed to Italy's right-wing by praising Italy's former fascist dictator Benito Mussolini during a ceremony commemorating Holocaust victims.

The most recent polls show Bersani in the lead with 33 percent of the vote, against 28 percent for Berlusconi's coalition with the populist Northern League. Grillo's 5 Star movement was in a surprise third place, with 17 percent support, while Monti's centrist coalition was notching 13 percent. The COESIS poll of 6,212 respondents had a margin of error of plus or minus 1.2 percent.

Pollster Renato Mannheimer said among his biggest clients heading into the elections were foreign banks seeking to gauge whether to hold or sell Italian bonds.

"They are worried mostly about the return of Berlusconi," Mannheimer said.

Uncertainty over the outcome of the vote has pushed the Milan stock exchange down in the days running up to the vote and bumped up borrowing costs, as investors express concern that Italy may back down from a reform course to pull the country out of recession.

Mannheimer said many undecided voters ? who comprise around one-third of the total electorate ? identify with the center-right, and that may help Berlusconi. He said that the undecided vote may also tilt heavily toward Grillo's protest movement.

The professorial Monti looked uncomfortable at first as a candidate but has recently warmed to the role. Like the others, he has not shied away from name calling, warning that Berlusconi is a "charlatan" and saying his return would be "horrific."

Bond analyst Nicholas Spiro said the election "will deliver the most important verdict on the eurozone's three-year-old austerity focused policies."

But he is betting on a period of political instability after the vote.

"An upset victory by Mr. Berlusconi may be markets' nightmare scenario," he said, "but the prospects for a stable and harmonious Bersani-Monti coalition government ? still the mostly likely outcome in our view ? are bleak."

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/f70471f764144b2fab526d39972d37b3/Article_2013-02-24-Italy-Elections/id-13dac0d36b1246c5b6a4832c9721f9cd

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Tonic: If You Could Only See

Due to a chain of events that I can't rightly remember, I embarked on a journey today; I began to plow through a wondrous Spotify playlist featuring all the tracks from "Now That's What I Call Music" albums 1-45, in order. Tonic's "If You Could Only See" is but one of the hidden treasures the frankly mammoth playlist contains. More »

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/hM17LQntA6g/tonic-if-you-could-only-see

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Romney to give first postelection interview to Fox News

NEW YORK (AP) ? Fox's Chris Wallace has landed the first postelection interview with defeated Republican nominee Mitt Romney and his wife, Ann.

Wallace said on "Fox News Sunday" that the interview will air on his show next week. Additional portions will be on Fox News Channel the next day. Wallace says he'll ask Romney how he has dealt with the defeat, what he plans to do and his thoughts about President Barack Obama's second-term agenda.

Fox News spokeswoman Ashley Nerz says the interview will be taped this week in southern California, where Romney has spent much of his time since the election.

Romney has also said he will speak March 15 to the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington, an annual event that draws leading Republican voices.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/romney-first-postelection-interview-fox-165303522--politics.html

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University Theatre presents An Inspector Calls (2/22/2013)

Description: An application error occurred on the server. The current custom error settings for this application prevent the details of the application error from being viewed remotely (for security reasons). It could, however, be viewed by browsers running on the local server machine.

Details: To enable the details of this specific error message to be viewable on remote machines, please create a <customErrors> tag within a "web.config" configuration file located in the root directory of the current web application. This <customErrors> tag should then have its "mode" attribute set to "Off".

<!-- Web.Config Configuration File --> <configuration> <system.web> <customErrors mode="Off"/> </system.web> </configuration>

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Source: http://calendar.activedatax.com/ncstate/EventList.aspx?view=EventDetails&eventidn=8649&information_id=24840&type=&rss=rss

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